Vertical component low-frequency geophone



April 21, 1953 G. B. LOPER ET AL VERTICAL COMPONENT LOW-FREQUENCY GEOPHONE Filed Aug. 29. 1949 2 SHEETS-SHEET 1 FIG. 2

5w 6: B.Lo cl" Stan/$ 0 /V. c 5

INV NTORS.

BY x M AGENT.

Aprll 1953 G. B. LOPER ET AL VERTICAL COMPONENT LOW-FREQUENCY GEOPHONE 2 SHEETSSHEET 2 Filed Aug. 29. 1949 FIG. 7

6w 6 B.Lo er Sta Ml gafs INVEN 0R3.

BY ,(fl M W AGENT.

Patented Apr. 21, 1953 ED STATES PATENT OFFICE VERTICAL COMPONENT LOW-FREQUENCY GEOPHONE Application August 29, 1949, Serial No. 112,902

13 Claims.

This invention relates to vibration sensitive devices and more particularly to a small lowfrequency detector or geophone for use in the study of seismic disturbances such as in geophysical prospecting.

Seismograph geophones generally have a natural frequency near the lower end of the 20 to 80 C. P. S. seismic frequency band. Common practice is to design geophones to have a natural frequency near or slightly below 30 C. P. S. To avoid excessive expense in providing explosives for generation of seismic waves, the geophone with its associated amplifying equipment is required to have sensitivity high enough to detect natural round unrest. The explosive charge used is of such size that the seismic waves generated have amplitude sufficient to be detected above and distinguished from the natural ground unrest. Various expedients are then utilized to provide a geophone of the required sensitivity to detect such seismic waves. In dynamic geophones a magnetic field is employed having maximum practical strength (5,000-8,000 gauss). A coil having a plurality of windings is then designed to operate in the magnetic field for voltage generation proportional to the velocity of motion of the seismic waves. In order to support such coils without undue initial deflection, the associated springs must be so stiff that the natural frequency of the suspension is well within the seismic range. Such geophones therefore are not suited for study of low-frequency waves. It has been found to be particularly difficult to provide a geophone of required sensitivity having a small size and a fundamental natural frequency in the range below C. P. S., with all other natural frequencies, due to other vibrational modes of the various parts, above the seismic range so as to have negligible influence upon the response.

In accordance with the present invention, a very low natural frequency geophone is provided comprising two relatively movable elements, one of which is a coil and the other a magnetic structure for establishing a magnetic flux linking the coil. A cantilever support is provided having a pivotal axis at one end and one of said elements adjacent the opposite end and means for providing a low natural frequency of vibration comprising a spring having a line of action extending in a straight line from one side of the pivotal axis to the other and passing adjacent the pivotal axis for applying a force acting through a lever arm which decreases upon an increase in the force of the spring and which increases with a decrease in the force of the spring for developing a moment in direction opposing the gravity moment on the cantilever support.

In a preferred form of the invention, means are provided for adjusting the rate of change of the force exerted by the above-mentioned spring as the coil is deflected from its equilibrium position.

For further objects and advantages of the invention, reference may now be had to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

Fig. l is a partially diagrammatic view of a geophone with portions thereof shown in section;

Fig. 2 is a view of a magnet structure taken along line 2-2 of Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 is a slightly enlarged diagrammatic representation of the coil suspension system of Fig. 1;

Fig. 4 is an enlarged isometric view of the carriage element of Figs. 1, 5, and 6;

Fig. 5 is an isometric view of the coil suspension of Fig. 6;

Fig. 6 is an exploded sectional view of the geophone; and

Fig. 'l is an enlarged view of the yoke of Figs. 1 and 6.

Referring now to Fig. 1, the present invention has been illustrated as a geophone including a magnet assembly [0 comprising a permanent magnet I I having an eccentric pole piece l2. The magnet II is mounted coaxially within a low reluctance casing 13, which is preferably cylindrical in form. More particularly, the magnet H is fastened to a bottom closure disc l5 as by bolt l6 passing through magnet II and threadedly engaging the eccentric pole piece l2. A flat disc forming pole piece 20 is welded to the top of the cylinder l3. As illustrated in Fig. 2, the disc 20 is provided with a circular aperture 2|. The aperture 2| is eccentrically positioned in the face of the disc 20, with its axis coinciding with the axis of the eccentric pole piece l2. The radius of the aperture 2| is made equal to the radius of the eccentric pole piece l2 plus the length of the desired air gap.

A coil structure 30 is positioned in the air gap 22 for generation of a working voltage. The coil 30 is supported or carried by a yoke 3| made of brass or other non-magnetic material. The yoke 3|, acting as a cantilever arm, is pivoted for rotation about an axis 32. The pivot is preferably frictionless as to present negligible resistance to deflection of the coil 30 and may comprise two pairs of crossed springs 34 and 35 lett r aria 3 4 Of each p being Shown in The time, the distance between link 31a and point 50 springs 34 and 35 lie in planes perpendicular one is increased slightly, thus increasing the tension to the other with both planes common to axis 32. in spring 38. By proper adjustment of the length Springs 34 are vertical with the lower ends thereof the lever arm (1)) (adjustment of the position of connected to the yoke 3|. Their upper ends of link 31a) and the force exerted by the spring are connected tora frame or otherwisesupported 3,3 (adiustment of the ppsition of link 50), the from the magnet assembly of the geophone as! efiect of increase-in the--rest'oring force of spring indicated by the cross-hatched sections. 38 may be wholly compensated by the effect of a Th horizontal springs 35 are connected at. decrease in the length of the lever arm (b). In their left ends to the yoke 31- and supported at-lc. siiCh; .Q?/e,.springs,34, and 35 alone determine the their right ends from the case or magnet ZISSBmbL-YP- natural frequency of the system. To effect a freiin a manner later to be described. The springs 34 quency lower than that due to springs 34 and 35,

and. 35 preferably are made;of very lighbstock: thexefi'ecti-of.amincrease in the tensile force may They are chosen so to produce-a: Very-lbw natural bam ade lessg thanathe efiect of a coexistent defrequency for the coil 30, of for example; 55-10 crease iii-the lever arm (b). The spring 38 then i C. P. S. Such springs alone, however, ordinarily contributes anegative stiffness to the system to would permit undue initial deflectiomofgthe. coil? 1the restoring forces exerted by springs 34 greatly exceeding permissible limits. and 35 due to bending. By proper adjustment,

In accordance with the present invention, theit? has been found that coil suspensions of congravitational momenttending to rotate the coil siderable mass may be supported in equilibrium aboutaxis32 -is redu6edto zer o iBdBDEHdGZItIYiOf andzhave naturali frequencysas lowiafifiiq; H; thespringsw and 35; Thenatural' frequency-may. Figs; 4, and; 5tshow 1 1 11 91 1 then be madetod'epend entirely upon the inertia adjusting the, positiorrmf link; 3.3. 2. mxeg nap of the piyoted structure including coilsmiandathe ticu-larly,ascarria e fillgisislidably mounted ongthg; stifiness of theverwl'ightsprings 313: andl355. More beam 31 and has depending edge andifiZgEig; particular-1y; a beam 31 is: connected at its: right 4-, ,,W.hich form 84'.Slidewax cgmplementarx ith t end tothe-uppersurfaceoi thehyokei 3ti. The; upper sur face ofi-beanr.3.7; '1he,;.upper-,;endgo the beam extends horizontally in direction aboveiand spring 3'8si-s soldered orotherwise:allqlioredzinrthej toward the ax'is 3-2 -andihas as-;,willz-laterbe.excarriage 69.; Thefhead;

plained; a= horiaonta ll ys.adiustable; link: 31%. A issset int'o a; recess-65 ingrtli end of canriag eyfint spring 38 isconn'ected ati its upper. end to; the. Thezpositions otthercarriagesfig onl the'b-ibeamrfl,

link on the free= end\ ofithebeannttikv The lower; is; adjusted; by rotation- 015 th6;;Sc1 1ew-; 6A? which? end of the spring iselinked tor the: magnet-L asthreadedlyiengggcs a mpturr ed semblys Byadjustment. ofi. the-.tensionrin. the, beam; 37;; Beamfigi: 1S S1Q1Qli8d tpointrfifl lilig fig. spring 38;-thesteady.massrformedbyitheiyoket3i ULQtQEIZmlP fQZBI-E JITAYQLOff171163111311}???endpoffspfiin and the beam 3'! supportingcoili 3li-maye 1361:5115: 38ywithzthe carriage fiflg pendediinian. equilibrium position. The springt38 aboyewmen ionedb,thelmagnitude of theforce:

12 13 9111 fi-rofz the: I

extends: from beams V 315. to the magnet structure. exerteduby:.thei'filqlfi l flfi isrcentrolled bkadjuste past the axis 32 on the side thereof opposite coil mB i rQf; the position oilinlc; 5,0 undemcontroli-Qfs 3-3.. Thusrpositioned; itzexertsztal force upon-the scr w t F g. L-which determinesi hfl. positionroii vertical spring 33 maintainingsit in tensiom Ad the' -bragkfitrlfi. The,.bracket-, Ligand;a dig 1,]; ditionallw sincesthez fOBC .eXE1ZteLdRbMT spring-38 having flange edges'tmvela velztical slidewam has a horizontal component, it exerts a force uponi in thejwall, Qfi'gGE/lilldfill 3'. Totadjust thertensibm the -ghorizontalz-ispringz 3.5,. maintaining: it in: ten- Qfispring 33-, the loclcserewfiflgis loosened to p sion. The possibility of any forces otlaenthan: mi at esb lazqkfititfit (Lydiscft'litoibamovediuport tensioneand;simpie bendingollz trimmings; attend rotation tscrew; l 'I'hereaftenithalockscrem 35 is thus eliminated. 1'8.mar g etigiienechummadame-trackers enlarge-deviate of E1124 3.? may.- no.wbe; reheiwallioi hQTBYA IidBn-H; rerreiia to: for a.Vmore ccmpletez.understanding; ofi Thea which.. thetcoiL SQSPfiBSiQIl'fiMSr:

timealmore-descrilvtesii. Qil:susp sion;systemx The 5G fi amglud n elyplteiiill.is1supported;irompthea yoke 3st, diagrammaticallm.illustrated his single cwemnimme s- 11i1st1ated'in...the-sectionaliyiem line formphas itsiimass distributed-that. the tFi 6.1? Assliort ylind rtonsupn rt ligrmembert center ofizgravity: ((3); rime-tonguesu pension;is of; n nrmasp n m terial, is; milledit provide normal-Iva on a line; horizontally displaced froml an horsiior he,.., ndsroiitthe; 'springs;.,3fi and" 5? the axisszi; Theis rinaei e n rt bmarlsmha un or nazmem err8H h .1 m e im its centenr rti'on toraccqmm dat er c ltsuss nsion... Thetbo tcmtflii'ofithezsunpprting member 8035;. i a dirests-upmt e isc zflrorithe: m l fi assembhn. 11, llustrated'i; av .boltwza h l 't rough the-discsl'5and"20'engages ;t1-r s s ene qn'., ffe iir it. ats. thr-Qush.- a eadedene t r n m mber 80 igidly to; 00,11? -.b).--which is equal length to a, eat: 16; SIIQBQITEIIQ: mem er. 80i't'o the.1m% ;9et. ass bly 111 t i t '.be?und r toodrthagsiinilar remed guimthe; half 'o he senplicne' nen ulari re ted o xis; r n 38'. n xbending;,;to, thea is 32;- B var ng he 905i: 7 me tt eil ls-w P -W ic s r ng treakin ,frcml hel epti n l Fig 6:, Whom-thus... nected, t e en th org the sit r-m.( may-be p sit....nes Fh fioiHfl xt n firfli'lielbwftfiei adjpsted Byrvarying the position -oij. the; link-j lower: suriace 81 ofjjthe; support; member, em tt ichgthe werbm f hepri g 38 is cirqlinsa 'l pll lfilldi or the pole pie e-l vi; nqll e l ath r aet semblrith a qr e x: a ion; her oi iw inzt eair eaptetweem oleerted r epr a at bev r g. Piece 2" d' h p -1e:di'sc:2u varis therfluximrk- Assume.nowjthat .theirnagnet,assembly is fixed ingcoil 3l1 to7indl1ceta-voltageathereiin The-supra 9 9Pr P m dk selgted; gBQPhQnQ 1 9 i lqmbfi f filli as aitransyersebeam-83 for; l ca ionine r h. n a thecoirist tintg uppo t. .Qf'the-fi 'iyqk 311: More-particularly;

oscillation. When the coil travels downward, the tranSverse-beam* 88 hasraycentralfdepending: the i ..3 fa w ve e s. h 11 itfleg e ina e t n '81 w m h i'n sfiitione erwmchi effective length of lever arm (17). At" the same isshown'in-Fi'g; 6;"are'fastened 4 The conductor 42 from the coil 30 is fed through an insulated opening 39 in yoke 3| and is connected to a terminal 90 mounted in an insulating block 9| which is fastened to or otherwise supported by the frame member 80 to provide a signal path from the coil to the geophone terminals. Conductors 4| and 02 terminated in output ring terminals 43 and 44 of Fig. l are to be connected to terminal 90 and a corresponding terminal omitted from Fig. 6. Contacts engaging ring terminals 43 and M may be included in circuit with an amplifying-recording apparatus for recordation of the voltages generated. The cap member 45 is connected to the magnet assembly disc 20 by means later to be described. The cap 45 is larger in diameter than the cylinder l3, and a portion thereof threadedly engages a low reluctance cylindrical housing or can 41 which is of convenient shape for use in earth bore holes.

The yoke 3| is illustrated in Fig. 7 as having an upper surface provided with guide extensions 95 and 96 properly to position the beam 31. The springs 34 are fastened to the vertical surfaces 91 and 98 and extend upwardly to engage the frame member 80 of Figs. 5 and 6. The horizontal springs 35 are fastened to the surfaces 99 and 00. A center portion of the yoke is milled away to permit the springs 35 to be anchored to the underside of the depending portion 8'! of the frame member 80 of Fig. 6. Further, the yoke 3| is partially milled away at I! and I02 to permit unobstructed flexing of the springs 35.

A geophone constructed as above described embodied advantageous which include high sensitivity at very low frequencies in a structure which is very small physically. In one practical case, the geophone illustrated in Fig. 1, having an adjustable natural frequency below three cycles per second had a diameter of 2.5 inches and an overall length of 3.5 inches. Such a geophone is small enough to be clamped at subsurface locations in relatively inexpensive small diameter bore holes for the study of seismic waves having frequencies lower than usual seismic bands.

The frequency response of the geophone may be made to be relatively flat from slightly above resonance to frequencies well above the range of seismic frequencies by properly designing and orienting the parts of the suspension and providing the system with the proper damping. In one embodiment of the geophone, the steady mass including coil 30, yoke 3|, beam 31, etc., weighed 63.8 grams. It had a moment of inertia of 480 gm. cm. with respect to the axis 32. The distance from the axis 32 to the center of gravity of the steady mass was 2.4 cm. Spring 38, maintaining the suspension in equilibrium, comprised 30 turns of .032" diameter spring stock wound as a helix with in. inside diameter and exerted a force of approximately 4 pounds on the coil suspension. Spring 38 was made of material having a zero temperature coeiiicient of elasticity so that the geophone would remain in equilibrium once adjusted even though placed in a location of varying temperature. There were 1,010 turns of No. 3"! gage wire wound on coil 30 and connected to the output terminals 33 and 34. The coil 30 had a D. C. resistance of 106 ohms and when operating into a load impedance of 300 ohms the geophone was approximately half-critically damped at its resonant frequency. Its response when then fiat from 5 cycles to well above theseismic range,

6 permitting faithful recordation of all seismic waves having frequencies above 5 cycles to well above the seismic range.

Though the invention has been illustrated and described in detail, it is to be understood that modifications may be made within the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

What is claimed is:

l. A low-frequency geophone comprising two relatively movable elements, one of which is a coil and the other a magnetic structure for establishing a magnetic flux linking said coil, a. cantilever pivoted at one end and supporting one of said elements at the opposite free end thereof, means for producing a low natural frequency of vibration of said cantilever and said element supported thereby comprising a tension spring interconnecting said magnetic structure at a point removed in one direction from said support and said cantilever at a point substane tially removed in an opposite direction from the pivotal axis thereof but whose axis lies along the lines substantially vertical and extends adjacent to and from one side of said pivotal axis to an opposite side thereof for applying to the cantilever a moment acting in opposition to the gravity moment tending to rotate the cantilever arm in the opposite direction, relative movement between said pivoted end of said cantilever and the steady mass at the opposite end being effective respectively to decrease and to increase the length of the lever arm from the pivotal axis to the line of action of the spring at rates respectively greater and less than the corresponding rates of increase and decrease in the tension of said spring due to said relative movement between the opposite ends of said cantilever arm.

2. A low-frequency geophone cylindrical in shape and of small size for use in bore holes which comprises a magnetic structure characterized by a horizontal annular air gap with a radial magnetic flux concentrated therein, a coil positioned in said flux, supporting means for said coil including a pivot supported from said structure spaced laterally from said coil forming a horizontal axis for rotational vibration of said coil, and a spring exerting a tensile force between said supporting means and said magnetic structure whose axis is substantially vertical and lies along a line adjacent said horizontal axis and on the side thereof opposite said coil for applying to said supporting means a moment equal and opposite to the gravity moment on said supporting means to maintain said coil in an equilibrium position in said air gap.

3. A low-frequency geophone comprising a cylindrical magnet structure including a permanent magnet positioned centrally thereof, a disc forming a closure for said magnet structure and having an aperture encircling the end of said permanent magnet with an air gap therebetween threaded by magnetic flux, a vibratory element including a coil positioned in said air gap, means forming a pivot for said vibratory element, resilient means fastened to said vibratory element above said pivot and to said cylindrical magnet structure below said pivot and extending along a line adjacent said pivot and on the side thereof opposite said coil to support said coil in equilibrium in said flux independent of said pivot, and means to adjust said resilient means to vary the natural frequency of vibration of said coil relative to said magnet structure.

4. A low-frequency geophone comprising a cylindrical magnet structure including a permaessence neat magnet positionedcentrally thereot; n'disc forming a closure for said stmctrn'e "and having an aperture encircling the end of said permanent magnetwith; an gap therebetween threaded by magnetic flux, a. vibratory element including a coil positioned in said-air gap, meansforming a pivot for said vibratory element,- resilient means fastened to said vibratory element above said pivot and to said cylindrical magnet structuirebelow said pivot and extending alon alineodjoscentsaidpivot and on the side thereof opposite said coil, means for adiustingth'e tensicnofsaid spring and means. for adjusting the distance between said; line and. sold pivot sub stantiolly independent of. the tension in said some: to suspend said coil in said flux in; equt tor notation thereof at a selected naturalise -money.- 3

5nd vibration sensitive devicecomprising a coil supported at one and 0t said beam. atpemnanentmagnet structure forestablis'hing 3i magnetic flux linking said coil; a resilient suspension. supported from said permanent magnet structure including crossed flat springs at the other end of said beam. permittingrotation 0t said coil ahoutn honizon-tal. axis, and a helical secured tosaid beam above said. oxis and extending: to said. permanent magnet. past said on thie si-de thereof opposite said coil to-silpportsaid coilend saidbeam in an equilibrium position for. generation. of a voltage upon. vibration of; said permanent. magnet relative to saidcoil.

e low-frequency vertical selsrnometer compnising. a. cylmdrical casing, a magnet having a cylindc'icol. vertical pole piece. associated therewith eccentrioally positioned. in said. casing, a second. pole piece having an. aperture to receive one end of said cylindrical pole piece with. an air gap therebetween, a coil positioned .in said air gap and encircling; said end of said vertical pole piece, resilient means supported from said second pole piece forming a pivot for said coil at an axis: displaced horizontally from. said coil adjacent the: side of said. casing opposite said.

vertical pole piece, a tensionspr-ing disposed. its axis substantiallyvertical on the side ofi said pivot opposite said: coil for applying a force tolsoid-cotl indirection to increasethe deflection tn; opposition to the restoring force of said resilientimeens 7. A. low treduency seismometer which comprises; a. magnetstructure including a vertical, cylindrical; magnet a flat pole piece having an opening therein to receive the upper end of sold magnet. tvithana'ir gap betwecn-saidmagnet and solid pole: piece, a coil positioned in said air gap and encircling the upper portion of said magnet, miriotionless; pivot displaced horizontally from said. coil and in the same horizontal plane asathe center 06 gravity of the coil: assembly o tension interconnecting said. assembly and. said magnet structure acting along. a line closely adjacent the; axis. of. snictfnicttonless pivot and to maintain said col-Lin 861111-- lihrium, for adjusting the positionoi said line with: respect to said; axis to. vary the rate at charl e-emf; force. applied by sold tension spring to said; assembly uponzoefiectionfrom equilibrium, means for varying the magnitude of. said force independently of the position of. said line whereby the natural frequency of said: ossembltr' maybe adjusted, iii-Ailcw fireouemoy geophouo comprising a assu ancesm l'mvmgtan .ainnular' ash' gap adjacent one side of said casting a coil structure including a, plurality oi windings positioned in said air gap, a suspension 01: saidcoil structure adjacent the opposite side of casing permitting free rotation about an axis- .displazced from and perpendicular to the oxisof said windings, and means coupled between said coil. structure above said suspension and said assembly and on the opposite side of said axis from said windings and; forming a coupling for said. coil structure for oscillation in a, predetermined. period about a position of equilibrium.

9; A low-frequency eeophcne which comprises a cylindrical magnet structure: characterized by. a vertically adjustable link adjacent the edge-"o t. said cylindrical stmctoreend a horizontal ennu lei:- air gap .at the end of said structure with a radial. magnetic flux concentrated therein positioned diametricallyopposite said aojustablelink and adjacent the edge of said structure, a vibratory element including acoil at oneend thereof and a horizontally adjustable link at the other end thereof, a pivot for said vibratory element supported from-said; magnet structure and spaced horizontally from said coil. and below said horizon'tailly' adjustable link for mounting said coil in saidair gap, =and azhelical spring interconnect-.- iii-g said links and acting along aline adjacent I said pivot and opposite said coil to-mzmtam-said vibratory element in equilibriumxsaddyadiustoble links being operutiveindependently to adjust the tension in saidspring and the spacing of said sprin trom pivot to control the natural frequency (if-vibration. ofsaicl' coil in'soida'rr gap.

1 61 A low-frequency geophone of smallsize for use in bore holes comprisinga cylindrical case, a; magnetic structure characterized Icy 'coimfigucms elements producing magnetic flux-across an on gap 'therebetween inaplane normal to the length of said case and eccentric to the axis thereof, a coil positioned in said air g aiprfor generation ore; voltage-upon vibration thereoflsupportingrmeens forsaid coil carriedby said magnetic structure ineludhig a; pivot adjacent to the wall or said 'cylindrical case on the side tnereof'onpcsite seldom gap, and a, tension spring mechonicallyimei'comnect'in'g" solid supporting means and'saidzmagnetic structure and extending adjacent said pivot on the side-of said pivot opposite said "coipfor sup- 5 porting" said coil equilibrium insaid air? 11 A low-frequency geophcneof smallsize-tor use iii-bore holes' comprising a; cylindrical case, a magnetic structure characterized by contiguous elements an airgap therebetweenrin a plane normal tome-length of saidcase and eccentric to'the axis thereof, said structure including means fox-"establishing" magnetic flux acrosssafdc on gap, at cofli positioned in said air gap for generation at at. voltageupon vibration zthereofi witltirespect to said'fmzqasupport icrsai-d coil including. a; pivot adjacent to: the walnut said. cylindrical case on the: side Zthereo-fi opposite: said air gap and. a spring connected toseid supporting means above saidplvo-t and to said magnetic stsucture below said pivotv and extending adjacent saidpovoton the side thereof opposite said coiltor supporting saidcoilimequilibriumlinsaid air gap.

12. In low-frequency geophonew the combine tionrvvhichcomprises a cylindrical magnetiostmc tore-characterized by contiguous elements with arr-air gaptherebetween. in a plane normal to the length cit-said structur and eccentric tothe. axis thereof; said structure including for establishing. magnetic in said air gap. a. coil age upon vibration thereof, a support for said coil including a pivot adjacent to the edge of said cylindrical structure on the side thereof opposite said eccentric air gap, and a tension spring mechanically interconnecting said supporting means and said magnetic structure and extending within the perimeter of said cylindrical magnetic structure adjacent said pivot on the side of said pivot opposite said coil for supporting said coil in equilibrium in said air gap.

13. A low-frequency geophone comprising a casing, a horizontal plate of magnetic material disposed within said casing with an opening displaced from the center of said plate, means including a permanent magnet having a pole piece disposed within said opening for producing a magnetic field extending radially thereof, a coil encircling said pole piece disposed within said magnetic field, a horizontally extending cantilever arm supporting said coil at one end, resilient means pivotally anchoring and supporting the opposite end of said arm, a beam disposed above said arm having one end secured to said arm above said coil and the other end disposed above said pivoted end of said arm, a horizontally adjustable link carried by said beam in position above said pivoted end of said arm, a vertically adjustable link below said plate and disposed along the side of said casing opposite that adjacent said displaced opening, and means for reducing the natural frequency of vibration of said coil and said arm comprising a coil spring interconnecting said links, its line of action passing adjacent to but slightly spaced from the pivotal axis of said arm on the side thereof remote from said coil for developing a moment acting upon said arm in a direction to counterbalance the moment developed by gravity.

GEORGE B. LOPER.

STANLEY N. HEAPS.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,749,044 Niles Mar. 4, 1939 2,067,636 Heiland Jan. 12, 1937 2,272,984 Ritzmann Feb. 10, 1942 2,390,187 Sharpe Dec. 11, 1945 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 311,558 Great Britain May 16, 1929 OTHER REFERENCES The Galitzen Seismographs in Engineering,

April 13, 1923, pp. 474-476.

A Study of Some Seismometers, Irland, Tech. Paper 556 of U. S. Bureau of Mines (1934), pp. 14-19, 43-45.

Film Recording Seismograph, Electronics, May 1943, pp. 89-92. 

